The world of firearms can be intricate and filled with regulations that vary from state to state. Among the various components of firearms, the 80 percent lower receiver stands out as a unique element that allows gun enthusiasts to engage in building their own firearms. This article aims to clarify the legal basics surrounding 80 percent lowers and discuss the various build options available.
What is an 80 Percent Lower?
An 80 percent lower receiver is a key component of certain firearms, typically AR-15 rifles, that is partially machined. This means that it is not fully functional and requires additional work to transform it into a complete lower receiver. The term “80 percent” refers to the fact that about 80% of the machining work has been done, leaving the user with 20% that must be completed to make it compliant with federal laws.
Purchasing an 80 percent lower can be advantageous for those looking to build their own firearms, as it often avoids some of the regulations tied to fully functional receivers. However, it is crucial to understand the legal nuances involved.
Key Components of the Upper Receiver
- Barrel: The barrel is perhaps the most critical part of the upper receiver. It determines the firearm’s accuracy, range, and velocity. 80 percent lower AR-15 barrels come in various lengths and calibers, allowing shooters to tailor their rifles for different applications—from close-quarter situations to long-range shooting.
- Bolt Carrier Group (BCG): The BCG is responsible for cycling the action of the rifle. It holds the bolt and is crucial for chambering, firing, extracting, and ejecting cartridges. A properly functioning BCG ensures the rifle operates smoothly and reliably.
- Gas System: The gas system of the upper receiver is responsible for cycling the action of the rifle after a round is fired. This system operates through either direct impingement or piston-driven mechanisms. Understanding how the gas system works is essential for maintaining the rifle and optimizing its performance.
- Handguard: The handguard is attached to the upper receiver and provides a gripping surface for the shooter. It’s also a mounting point for accessories such as lights, optics, and vertical grips. Handguards vary in design, including free-floating and drop-in styles, each with its advantages and disadvantages.
Legal Considerations
Understanding the legal implications of 80 percent lowers is vital for any individual interested in firearm building. Under U.S. federal law, an 80 percent lower is not classified as a firearm until it has been completed. This distinction means that individuals can purchase 80 percent lowers without undergoing a background check, making them more accessible.
However, state laws can vary significantly. Some states have imposed their own regulations regarding 80 percent lowers, effectively treating them as firearms even if they are unfinished. For instance, states like California and New York have strict controls that may require registration or background checks for the purchase of these components. It is essential to familiarize yourself with local laws to ensure compliance.
The Build Process
Once you’ve acquired an 80 percent lower that complies with local regulations, the next step is the build process. The transformation from an 80 percent lower to a fully functional lower receiver involves a few critical steps:
- Machining: The primary requirement is to complete the necessary machining processes. This usually involves drilling holes for the trigger, hammer, and safety selector, and milling out the internal cavity.
- Tools and Equipment: To complete the machining process, basic tools such as a drill press, router, or CNC machine are commonly used. Many manufacturers offer jig kits specifically designed to assist in machining the lower receiver.
- Finishing: After machining, it’s important to finish the lower receiver properly. This could involve applying a protective coating or paint to prevent corrosion.
- Assembly: Once the lower receiver is complete, it can be assembled with additional components to create a functioning firearm. This process often requires purchasing parts such as the stock, buffer tube, trigger kit, and other components necessary for assembly.
Advantages of Building with 80 Percent Lowers
There are a number of advantages to building a firearm using an 80 percent lower.
- Customization: One of the most significant benefits is the ability to customize your firearm fully. Builders can select components that meet their specifications, resulting in a weapon tailored to personal preferences.
- Cost-Effectiveness: Often, building a firearm from an 80 percent lower can be more cost-effective than purchasing a pre-assembled firearm. Depending on the quality of parts chosen, overall expenses can be lower.
- Skill Development: The process of building a firearm from scratch can be educational and rewarding. It provides a hands-on experience in understanding firearm mechanics and assembly.
Conclusion
80 percent lowers offer a unique avenue for firearm enthusiasts who wish to build their own firearms. While they are accessible and provide numerous benefits, understanding the complex legal landscape is crucial. Before embarking on a build, always ensure compliance with local laws and regulations. With the right tools, parts, and knowledge, creating a custom firearm can be an immensely satisfying project for any gun enthusiast.